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Agricultural sustainability in northern Nigeria
Agricultural sustainability in northern Nigeria requires flexibility in both ecological management as well as economic activity.〔Adams, William. M., and M. J. Mortimore. "Agricultural Intensification and Flexibility in the Nigerian Sahel." The Geographical Journal 163.2, Environmental Transformations in Developing Countries (1997): 150-60.〕 Rainfall occurs only seasonally – and there is a pronounced dry season – however, rainfall is often intensive when it does come, making it necessary for farmers to employ soil moisture conservation techniques.〔Draper, Dianne, and Maureen G. Reed. Our Environment: A Canadian Perspective. United States: Nelson Education Ltd., 2009.〕〔Mortimore, Michael J. "Dryland Development: Success Stories from West Africa." Environment.45 (2005): 10-21.〕 The main crops grown in the region are millet, sorghum, and cowpea, while groundnut and sesame are significant minor crops.〔Harris, Frances M. A., and Salisu Mohammed. "Relying on Nature: Wild Foods in Northern Nigeria." Ambio 32.1 (2003): 24-9.〕 Wild foods also serve as an important supplement to the diet, especially during times of food shortage.〔 The bulk of crops are grown during the rainy season which begins in June or July,〔Harris, Frances. "Nutrient Management Strategies of Small-Holder Farmers in a Short-Fallow Farming System in North-East Nigeria." The Geographical Journal 165.3 (1999): 275-85.〕 when temperatures are warmer.〔Wallace, Tina. "The Challenge of Food: Nigeria's Approach to Agriculture 1975 - 80." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 15.2 (1981): 239-58.〕 There has traditionally been a division between sedentary farmers made up of the Manga and Hausa people, and the nomadic pastoralists known as Fulani, however this has diminished in recent times.〔 Historically, development plans for this region have focused on the use of imported technology and irrigation schemes, while neglecting traditional farming practices of the region.〔 These traditional practices generally focus on the close integration between the raising of livestock and farming,〔 and have been studied in detail in the Kano Close Settled Zone of Northern Nigeria.〔
==Introduction==
Due to the social and environmental conditions in northern Nigeria, flexibility of both ecological management as well as economic activity are vital components of any strategy for agricultural and rural livelihood in the region.〔 It is often contended that African farmers are unsuccessful at intensifying agriculture through the utilization of a method that is environmentally sustainable as well as economically productive. The vegetation of northern Nigeria is predominantly marginal or short grass savannah〔Keay, R. W. J. "An Example of Sudan Zone Vegetation in Nigeria." Journal of Ecology 37.2 (1949): 335-64.〕 (see Figure 1), and this region is characterized by a relatively hot climate with seasonal rainfall and a marked dry season.〔 The pressures of an increasing population (see Figure 2) are understood to cause increasing food demands by urban consumers and rural farmers, the expansion of areas of cultivation, reduced fallow intervals with a lack of inputs necessary to compensate, and as a result reduced soil fertility. This means that per capita and per hectare yields will decline and food will become scarce, especially for those in rural areas. However, it is possible that an increase in population density may in fact have positive rather than negative consequences for the economy as well as the environment.〔 Studies carried out in the Kano Close-Settled Zone and the surrounding region〔〔Mortimore, Michael J., and Tiffen, M. “Population and environment in time perspective: the Machakos story.” In: Binns, T., ed. People and Environment in Africa. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1995.〕 indicated that in particular places at certain times, the intensification of agricultural practices can take place without the typically associated degradation.〔 While there does exist poverty in the region, as well as people who are without sufficient food, there does not appear to be a decline in crop yields. Instead evidence suggests there has been a sustained effort to increase the production of food in an attempt to keep up with the increasing need.〔〔Rascoe, P. University of Texas. 1997. University of Texas Libraries. Perry-Castaneda Library Map Collection. Retrieved on: 03 Feb. 2010 .〕〔Rascoe, P. University of Texas. 1997. University of Texas Libraries. Perry-Castaneda Library Map Collection. Retrieved on: 03 Feb. 2010 .〕
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